“The surveillance state that Orwell feared was puny in its power in comparison to the panoptic web we have woven around us” (xxi)
+ Tracing Behavior
“The driving factor of the mobile, context-sensitive, Internet-connected devices are Moore´s Law (...), Metcalfe´s Law (...), and Reed´s Law.” (xv)
“Just as the existing notions of community were challenged by the emergence of social networks in cyberspace, traditional ideas about the nature of place are being challenged as computing and communication devices begin to saturate the environment” (xxii)
- Shibuya’s Epiphany & Tokyo Texters ---- Oyayubisoku ---- The Thumb TribeGroups see the same tool from different perspectives
- Portable Intimacy /// Condense meaning and convey feelings in short-format texts.
“Mobile telephones are evolving into control devices for the physical world” (12)+ Social Networks & Texting
“Like data on the Internet, text messages are sent in electronic bursts of data, “packets”, that find their own way through the network via “routers” that read the addresses on the packets and forward them” (15)
“The text message is the backdoor of communication” (Kasasniemi and Rautianen en Rheingold, 16)
- The feeling of a continuously shared life [dread loneliness??]
- Finnish Aula, “the urban livingroom”
- Stockholm’s Botfighters
- Filipino youth’s “We Are Generation Txt”
- The presentation of the self, Ervin Goffman ---- communicate and use audiences for their communicative performances, the way identity is constructed (different faces & different identities). But furthermore: extrapolating Goffman’s towards avatars, what happens with presence?
“The way mobile phones locate people in social groups is connected to the way the mobile phone operates in public space. To me these are interconnected points related to how people occupy technologically enhanced social space” (Mizuko Ito en Rheingold, 28).
“Whenever a communication medium lowers the costs of solving collective action dilemmas, it becomes possible for more people to pool resources. ” (Marc Smith en Rheingold, 31)
- Hobbes & Locke --- Mancur L. Olson: Individuals will not act in favor of the commons. How do groups (and individuals) govern their behavior?
- CPRs:
- - Boundaries are clearly defined.
- - Rules governing the use of collective goods are well matched to local needs and conditions.
- - Most individuals affected by these rules can participate in modifying the rules.
- - The rights of community members to devise their own rules is respected by external authorities.
- - A system for monitoring members’ behavior exists; the community members themselves undertake this monitoring.
- - A graduated system of sanctions is used.
- - Community members have access to low-cost conflict resolution mechanisms.
- - For CPRs that are parts of larger systems, appropriation, provision, monitoring, enforcement, conflict resolution, and governance activities are organized in multiple layers of nested enterprises (36)
- How many can we identify in different communities?
- The struggle for existence >>> Competition is the sole drive of evolution, Thomas H. Huxley ------- Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, Peter Kropotkin
- John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern’s Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Theoretical Assumptions: players are in conflict, must take action, results of actions determines a winner, all players are expected to act rationally by maximize their gain through a selfish strategy.
- Style Games:
- Chicken (youngster challenge: Fry and the Kid, Futurama; Rebel without a Cause)
- Stag Hunt (Rousseau, Several hunters, a deer and the hare)
- Deadlock (Perpetual betrayal)
- Prisioner’s Dilemma (The dilemma: if one of both act uniquely in their own interest, results in the outcome neither wanted). “The reward payoff for mutual cooperation is greater than the punishment payoff for mutual defection; both are greater than the sucker’s payoff for cooperating when the other player defects and less than the temptation payoff for defecting when the other player cooperates” (43)
A c & B c == 2,2
A c & B d == 0,3
A d & B c == 3, 0
A d & B d == 1,1
- Robert Axelrod: “When should a person cooperate, and when should a person be selfish, in an ongoing interaction with another person?” [Generative Systems, Social Simulation, Accumulating Small Change, Discrete Operations]
- Iteration: provokes cooperation
- TIT FOR TAT
“Cooperative Strategies evolve from small clusters of individuals who reciprocate cooperation” (45)+ Inventing the Innovation Commons
“Cooperation and conflict are both aspects of the same phenomenon” (46)
- Technology + Social Contracts on the uses of artifacts
- Advance Research Projects Agency & Licklider ---- “Time-sharing systems” ---- “hacks”, send messages to each other from their terminals through the core
- “Object code” - human unreadable but machine executable
- Richard Stallman: Unix, GNU, GPL (Copyleft). Linus Trovalds, Linux. Quality maintained & autocracy
“Innovation commons is being corrupted by changes that are being made at the architecture level” (Lessig en Rheingold, 54)+ Who Knows Who Knows Who?
- Network Based Communities: permeable boundaries, “hierarchies can be flatter and recursive” (56) [Recursive Publics, Gitelman], fragmentary.
- “The person has become the portal” (Wellman en Rheingold, 57)
- Sarnoff’s Law: The value of a broadcast is proportionate to the number of viewers
- Moore’s Law [Ver Tema 1.1]
- Metcalfe’s Law: # of potential connections grows more quickly than the number of nodes. TotalValue=grows with the square of the number of the nodes; redes punto a punto
- Reed’s Law: TV=grows exponentially to the number of nodes; group forming networks
Ejemplos:
a) U= 2 nodos
TotalValueMetcalfe= 2(2-1)/2= 1
TotalValueReed=2^2-2-1= 1
b) U=10 n.
TVM=10(10-1)/2= 45
TVR= 2^10-10-1=1013
- Peer-to-Peer & Distributing Processing
- “Every client a server”
- Those who provide the same resource that they consume //// “sheep who shit grass”
- “The computers would be built into reality, instead of the other way around” (82).
“These technologies are “sentient” not because embedded chips can reason but because they can sense, receive, store, and transmit information” (85)
- Media Spheres---- information & location
“Reputation marks the spot where technology and cooperation converge (...) The most profoundly transformative potential of connecting human social proclivities to the efficiency of information technologies is the chance to do new things together, the potential for cooperating on scales and in ways never before possible” (114)
- The share of useful information ---- members “serve as information hunters and gatherers”---- “collaborative filtering”
- Webs of Trust ---- Fukuyama, Social Capital
- “Communities of shared affinity emerge spontaneously from discussion” (121)
- Trust emerges through the feedback of reputation systems ---- Monitoring, Sanctioning & Punishment
- Your ISP’s worst nightmare
- Ad-hoc Communication Networks---- virtual communities can form by the data-exchange held by mobile devices
- Politics & Regulation
- Many-to-Many mobile communications, urban spaces
- Military
- Interpersonal Awareness devices
- “Social networks means that every individual in a smart mob is a “node” (...) with social “links” (channels of communication and social bonds) to other individuals” (170)
- “Social Stigmas” (Goffman)
- “Threshold model of collective action” (Granovetter)
- Rituals: “social practices that generate common knowledge” (Suk-Young Chwe en Rheingold,176)
- What kind of people do we become when we use technology?
- Many-to-Many Surveillance
- Focault, specialization and control
- Power and counterpower evolve through communication
- A softening of time & space?
- Network Capital
- Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (rationality, artificiality, automatism, self-augmentation, monism, universalism, autonomy)---- Symbiosis or Abomination ---- The Metatechnology of Capital ---- Lewis Mumford ---- Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason. Mark Dery, Steve Mann
- What to know? ---- Regulation, Interdisciplinary dynamics, cognitive, interpersonal, and social effects, how information is embedded?
- Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny
