(Tema 2.5, Lectura: Rheingold, 2002. Ver programa)
“The surveillance state that Orwell feared was puny in its power in comparison to the panoptic web we have woven around us” (xxi)
+ Tracing Behavior
“The driving factor of the mobile, context-sensitive, Internet-connected devices are Moore´s Law (...), Metcalfe´s Law (...), and Reed´s Law.” (xv)
“Just as the existing notions of community were challenged by the emergence of social networks in cyberspace, traditional ideas about the nature of place are being challenged as computing and communication devices begin to saturate the environment” (xxii)
Shibuya’s Epiphany & Tokyo Texters ---- Oyayubisoku ---- The Thumb TribeGroups see the same tool from different perspectives
Portable Intimacy /// Condense meaning and convey feelings in short-format texts.
“Mobile telephones are evolving into control devices for the physical world” (12) “Like data on the Internet, text messages are sent in electronic bursts of data, “packets”, that find their own way through the network via “routers” that read the addresses on the packets and forward them” (15)
+ Social Networks & Texting
“The text message is the backdoor of communication” (Kasasniemi and Rautianen en Rheingold, 16)
The feeling of a continuously shared life [dread loneliness??]
Finnish Aula, “the urban livingroom”
Stockholm’s Botfighters
Filipino youth’s “We Are Generation Txt”
The presentation of the self, Ervin Goffman ---- communicate and use audiences for their communicative performances, the way identity is constructed (different faces & different identities). But furthermore: extrapolating Goffman’s towards avatars, what happens with presence?
“The way mobile phones locate people in social groups is connected to the way the mobile phone operates in public space. To me these are interconnected points related to how people occupy technologically enhanced social space” (Mizuko Ito en Rheingold, 28).
“Whenever a communication medium lowers the costs of solving collective action dilemmas, it becomes possible for more people to pool resources. ” (Marc Smith en Rheingold, 31)
Hobbes & Locke --- Mancur L. Olson: Individuals will not act in favor of the commons. How do groups (and individuals) govern their behavior?
CPRs:
- Boundaries are clearly defined.
- Rules governing the use of collective goods are well matched to local needs and conditions.
- Most individuals affected by these rules can participate in modifying the rules.
- The rights of community members to devise their own rules is respected by external authorities.
- A system for monitoring members’ behavior exists; the community members themselves undertake this monitoring.
- A graduated system of sanctions is used.
- Community members have access to low-cost conflict resolution mechanisms.
- For CPRs that are parts of larger systems, appropriation, provision, monitoring, enforcement, conflict resolution, and governance activities are organized in multiple layers of nested enterprises (36)
How many can we identify in different communities?
The struggle for existence >>> Competition is the sole drive of evolution, Thomas H. Huxley ------- Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, Peter Kropotkin
John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern’s Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Theoretical Assumptions: players are in conflict, must take action, results of actions determines a winner, all players are expected to act rationally by maximize their gain through a selfish strategy.
Style Games:
Chicken (youngster challenge: Fry and the Kid, Futurama; Rebel without a Cause)
Stag Hunt (Rousseau, Several hunters, a deer and the hare)
Deadlock (Perpetual betrayal)
Prisioner’s Dilemma (The dilemma: if one of both act uniquely in their own interest, results in the outcome neither wanted). “The reward payoff for mutual cooperation is greater than the punishment payoff for mutual defection; both are greater than the sucker’s payoff for cooperating when the other player defects and less than the temptation payoff for defecting when the other player cooperates” (43)
Robert Axelrod: “When should a person cooperate, and when should a person be selfish, in an ongoing interaction with another person?” [Generative Systems, Social Simulation, Accumulating Small Change, Discrete Operations]
Iteration: provokes cooperation
TIT FOR TAT
“Cooperative Strategies evolve from small clusters of individuals who reciprocate cooperation” (45) “Cooperation and conflict are both aspects of the same phenomenon” (46)
+ Inventing the Innovation Commons
Technology + Social Contracts on the uses of artifacts
Advance Research Projects Agency & Licklider ---- “Time-sharing systems” ---- “hacks”, send messages to each other from their terminals through the core
“Object code” - human unreadable but machine executable
Metcalfe’s Law: # of potential connections grows more quickly than the number of nodes. TotalValue=grows with the square of the number of the nodes; redes punto a punto
Reed’s Law: TV=grows exponentially to the number of nodes; group forming networks
Ejemplos:
a) U= 2 nodos TotalValueMetcalfe= 2(2-1)/2= 1 TotalValueReed=2^2-2-1= 1 b) U=10 n. TVM=10(10-1)/2= 45 TVR= 2^10-10-1=1013
+ Swarming
Peer-to-Peer & Distributing Processing
“Every client a server”
Those who provide the same resource that they consume //// “sheep who shit grass”
“The computers would be built into reality, instead of the other way around” (82).
+ “Wearable environmental media”
“These technologies are “sentient” not because embedded chips can reason but because they can sense, receive, store, and transmit information” (85)
Media Spheres---- information & location
+ The Network Gift Economy
“Reputation marks the spot where technology and cooperation converge (...) The most profoundly transformative potential of connecting human social proclivities to the efficiency of information technologies is the chance to do new things together, the potential for cooperating on scales and in ways never before possible” (114)
The share of useful information ---- members “serve as information hunters and gatherers”---- “collaborative filtering”
Webs of Trust ---- Fukuyama, Social Capital
“Communities of shared affinity emerge spontaneously from discussion” (121)
Trust emerges through the feedback of reputation systems ---- Monitoring, Sanctioning & Punishment
+ Wireless Quilts & 802.11b
Your ISP’s worst nightmare
Ad-hoc Communication Networks---- virtual communities can form by the data-exchange held by mobile devices
Politics & Regulation
Many-to-Many mobile communications, urban spaces
+ Smart Mobs
Military
Interpersonal Awareness devices
“Social networks means that every individual in a smart mob is a “node” (...) with social “links” (channels of communication and social bonds) to other individuals” (170)
“Social Stigmas” (Goffman)
“Threshold model of collective action” (Granovetter)
Rituals: “social practices that generate common knowledge” (Suk-Young Chwe en Rheingold,176)
+ Panopticon or Cooperation Amplifier?
What kind of people do we become when we use technology?
Many-to-Many Surveillance
Focault, specialization and control
Power and counterpower evolve through communication
A softening of time & space?
Network Capital
Jacques Ellul, The Technological Society (rationality, artificiality, automatism, self-augmentation, monism, universalism, autonomy)---- Symbiosis or Abomination ---- The Metatechnology of Capital ---- Lewis Mumford ---- Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason. Mark Dery, Steve Mann
What to know? ---- Regulation, Interdisciplinary dynamics, cognitive, interpersonal, and social effects, how information is embedded?
Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny
"Todas las comunidades son imaginadas porque, en la mente de cada uno (de los participantes de una comunidad) vive la imagen de su comunión” (Benedict Anderson)
+ Beyond Cyberspace
Barabási: Internet es más similar a un ecosistema que a un reloj suizo.
¿Cuáles son los componentes de este ecosistema?
Lev Manovich (The Language of New Media). Language, Object & Representation
Features:
Numerical Representation (Key particularity)
Modularity
Automation
Variability
Transcoding
In-formación......
+ Economía en red
e-commerce
valor agregado: de la propiedad al patrimonio digital
Prosumer (Tapscott & Williams)
+ La presentación del Avatar en el ciber-espacio cotidiano
“Probablemente no sea un mero accidente histórico que el significado de la palabra persona sea máscara” (Ervin Goffman)
FUENTE: Teatro Panamá
La Presentación de la Persona en la Vida Cotidiana; Goffman. Máscaras, Actuaciones, y Representaciones.
Obligación, Responsabilidad y Reputación
MEMES: Richard Dawkins, la unidad mínima de herencia cultural
“Hiro´s avatar just looks like Hiro, with the difference that no matter what Hiro is wearing in reality, his avatar always wears a black leather kimono. Most hacker types don´t go in for garish avatars, because they know that it takes a lot more sofistication to render a realistic human face than a talking penis. Kind of the way people who really know clothing can appreciate the fine details that separates a cheap gray wool suit from an expensive tailored gray suite”. (Neal Stephenson)
“Both were masters of the network (...) the key to their success was the existence of a complex network that offered an effective medium for their actions” (4). “Everything Touches Everything” JLB “Riding reductionism, we run into the hard wall of complexity” (6).
We live in a Small World
+ The Random Universe
Leonard Euler.
“Graph theory is the basis of our thinking about networks” (10).
Koningsberg Bridges.1736. 4 areas of land, and 7 bridges connecting them.
Graph: collection of nodes connected by links.
With a configuration of a link, comes a set of new possibilities.
Paul Erdós & Alfred Rényi: At a party with 10 guests, none of whom initially knows one another, ties between assistants emerge during interaction. Even if not everyone has talked to each other by the end of the party, a cluster will consolidate, connecting all the attendees with either direct or indirect paths. Therefore, all guests will have formed at least one link.
“As time goes on, the guests will be increasingly interwoven by such intangible links, creating a fine web of acquaintances that includes a sizable portion of the guests” (15) “Random network theory tells us that as the average number of links per node increases beyond the critical one, the number of nodes left out of the giant cluster decreases exponentially” (19).
Poisson distribution.
+ Six degrees of separation
Frigyes Karinthy, Everything is different, 1929. Chains or “Lancszemek”. (Karinthy quote, pg. 26).
Stanley Milgram, 1967. “Six degrees of separation” ---- John Guarre, 1991.
We live in a small world: society is a very dense web.
The magic comes from the links
Small Worlds: Mark Granovetter Strong and Weak Ties.
“The clustering coefficient tells you how closely knit your circle of friends is” (47) “Humans have an inborn desire to form cliques and clusters that offer familiarity, safety, and intimacy” (49-50).
Watts and Strogatz: “only a few extra links are sufficient to drastically decrease the average separation between the nodes”
+ Hubs and Connectors
Malcom Gladwell, The Tiping Point. There are people that function as connectors, the have the knack of making acquaintances.
FUENTE: Princeton
Random worldview demystified
“The most intriguing result of our Web-mapping project was the complete absence of democracy, fairness, and egalitarian values of the Web” (56) “Hubs are the strongest argument against the utopian vision of an egalitarian cyberspace” (58) “How do hubs appear? How many of them are expected in a given network? Why did all previous models fail to account for them?” (64)
+ 80/20 Rule
Vilfredo Pareto....1900 Gustav von Schmoller asks Pareto: “Are there laws in economics?”
80 percent of the profits are produced by 20 percent of the employees
Extrapolating the notion towards network theory: 80 percent of the links are concentrated by 20 percent of the nodes.
Power Laws vs. Bell Curves
Many small events coexists with a few large events
Scale Free Networks
Water Molecules and Brownian Movement (Order and Entropy)
Theory of Phase Transition, “powerful forces of self organization and is paved by power laws, which determine self-organization in complex systems” (77)
Features of Scale Free-Networks: Growth (beyond static models), Preferential Attachment (When choosing between two pages, one with twice as many links as the other, about twice as many people link to the more connected page (85))
“Each node attracts new links at a rate proportional to the number of its links” (88) [Metcalf vs. Reed]
Scale-Free Model cannot explain the evolution of a complex system, hence, it is constricted to its development, not its reproduction [Dawkings; Generative Systems; Cómo mezclar las exigencias? ---- Trabajo del módulo ---- Can we incorporate entropy to a delimitated approach?] ---- “The New Kid on the Block Effect” and the fitness notion within competitive environments
“Each nodes decides where to link by comparing the fitness connectivity product of all available nodes and linking with a higher probability to those that have a higher product and therefore are more attractive” (96)
“It tells us that nodes still acquire links following a power law, tB. But the dynamic exponent, B, which measures how fast a node grabs new links, is different for each node. It is proportional to the nodes fitness” (97)
Can we identify a topology for information?
+ Achilles´Heel
Topological robustness is a feature of networks.
“Errors and failures typically corrupt all human designs” (110) “Vulnerability due to interconnectivity” (110) “It seems that nature strives to achieve robustness through interconnectivity” (111)
Crash of hubs
+ Viruses and Fads
Diffusion through Networks
Innovations (The Myths of Innovation, Scott Berkun)
“Diffusion models assign a threshold to each individual” (131)
Spreading rate
Critical threshold: where innovation spreads
+ The Awakening Internet
Paul Baran
“Structurally, the Internet is closer to an ecosystem than to a Swiss watch. Therefore, understanding the Internet is not only and engineering or a mathematical problem. In important ways, historical forces shaped its topology” (146)
[Terrence Sejnowski, Edge´s “What is your dangerous Question”]
“Interplay of Growth, preferential attachment, distance dependence, and an underlying fractal structure” (153) “Parasitic computing demonstrated that we can enslave computers located thousands of miles away, forcing them to perform computation on our behalf. This fundamental vulnerability of the Internet raised a barrage of computational, ethical, and legal questions” (157)
+ The Fragmented Web
“They wisely [the robots] avoid sharing the crowded Euclidean space with us, where real estate is at a premium. The robots of the twenty first century are invisible and immaterial. They have taken up residence in the virtual world, which allows them to hop with enviable ease from continent to continent” (161).
They do the most boring job: read and index millions of web pages [ The Machine is Us/ing Us]
Territories escape their reach.
Hierarchies & Communities ( continents: Central Core, IN continent, OUT continent, Tubes, Tendrils, Islands. pg. 166)
“A side effect of our digital lives is that our beliefs and affiliations are publicly available” (170) Ovelapping Communities Lawrence Lessig: Code & Architecture “Its architecture is far more richer than the sum of its parts” (174) “Without robots it will be a black hole” (178)
+ The Map of Life
“If we want to understand life (...) we must think in networks” (180)
Intra-cellular network organization
Genes are part of this celular network
Diameter of a Network: degree of separation between nodes
History is awarded by scale-free topologies
Map the network behind cellular biology in order to understand the vulnerabilities and possibilities of approaching the “Achilles’ Heel”
+ Network Economy
“ In a network economy the hubs must get bigger as the network grows” (200) “As companies face an information explosion and an unprecedented need for flexibility in a rapidly changing marketplace, the corporate model is in the midst of a complete makeover” (201) “As research, innovation, product development, and marketing become more and more specialized and divorced from each other, we are converging to a network economy in which strategic alliances and partnerships are the means for survival in all industries” (208)
Links quantify interactions between institutions
+ Web Without a Spider
Real networks are not static & self-organizing: change and randomness: growth plays a crucial role
+ Información, transferencia de forma de un medio a otro, medible en términos de orden, comunicación de relaciones (Tema 2.1). ¿Cuáles son los medios por los que sucede esta transferencia? [Regis Debray, Transmitir. Tema 2.2]
+ ¿Crisis de orden?
Cowboy Bebop: el viejo oeste y el futuro remoto -pero presente-
+ Ciberespacio & Narrativas Paralelas
El mundo en línea: ¿dónde y hacia adónde?
Horizontes de las metáforas [G. Lakoff], la identificación del límite permite la trasgresión
Hipertexto; de Memex a Licklider; unidad más discreta de la red: nodo; la validez de un nodo se mide en términos de conectividad (Más en prox. tema, 2.4); [A Smarter Web, Second Earth]
Digital Economy: del empleo a la producción [Prosumer]; colaboración, participación y recompensa -teleología-; Feedback; [The Long Tail, Chris Anderson]; Pareto [Albert Lazslo Barabasi, Próximo tema]
Como se podrán dar cuenta en el programa, se ha cancelado el tema 2.2 (con las lecturas correspondientes). En lugar de aquél, esta semana empezaremos a revisar los conceptos básicos de la "Era Digital". Para ello, llevaremos a cabo nuestro primer ejercicio formal de investigación sobre consumo de medios en México.
El trabajo es individual y consta de 3 partes.
Investigación Documental sobre Consumo de Medios en México: Aquí tendrán que revisar los datos publicados -por ejemplo el INEGI- sobre la penetración de los medios de comunicación en la sociedad mexicana. Debido a que nuestro enfoque es en los medios digitales, les recomiendo revisar otros estudios (como el de la Asociación Mexicana de Internet).
Sondeo Personal sobre Consumo de Medios en Nuestro Entorno Inmediato: Habrán de aplicar los conocimientos adquiridos en sus materias de investigación para averiguar cuáles son los medios, y en particular las aplicaciones de Internet, que más utilizan las personas que los rodean (aquí podrán preguntar a familiares y amigos, pero es necesario que salgan un poco de su esfera social para poder contrastar la información). Tendrán que preguntar a 10 personas mínimo, y abarcar las variables que identificaron en el punto previo.
Ensayo Reflexivo sobre la Información Registrada: Esto es lo que hay que entregar. Representa un intento por sintetizar y analizar los datos obtenidos en los puntos previos. No pido un ensayo demasiado extenso, sino algo breve donde expongan sus hallazgos y conclusiones del pequeño ejercicio.
Tendrán que entregar este ejercicio el MIER. 10 de OCTUBRE, ya sea impreso o por mail antes de la hora de clase.
Upon this gifted age, in this dark hour, Falls from the sky a meteoric shower Of facts...they lie unquestioned, uncombined. Wisdom enough to leach us of our ill Is daily spun: but there exists no loom to weave it into fabric... (Murray Gell-Mann)
+ Introduction
"Information gently but relentlessly drizzles down on us in an invisible, impalpable electric rain. Encoded in radio waves that fill the atmosphere, its mists fill the air, passing trough the walls of our houses and penetrating our very bodies" (3)
"Symbols furnish the substrate - information carries the meaning" (3)
"The information universe (...) grow exponentially" (4)
University of California, produce more information in 3 years than in the preceding 300,000 years. [IBM- Info Services]
"Information is information, not matter or energy" (Norbert Wiener)
+ The Spell of Democritus
Information will transform physics by inducing the observer's position: "Ours is therefore a participatory universe; in which, according to John Wheeler, the observer cannot be redacted out of the picture" (13)
Democritus of Abdera: a) the world is made of atoms; b) Convention (subjective reality) as opposed to Objective Reality, there is not an obvious split between them [Kant, phenomenon & noumena]
Richard Feynman: Information is the ability to compress data
"Information mediates between the material and the abstract, between the real and the ideal" (17)
+ In-formation: the roots of the concept
"The aim of science is not things in themselves, as the dogmatists in their simplicity imagine, but the relations between things; outside those relations there is no reality knowable" (Henri Poincare)
Relationships are not necessarily spatial (causal, logic, ...)
[Italo Calvino, Las Ciudades Invisibles]
"Information carries the connotation of activity that is absent from mere form. (...) Information, then, refers to imposing, detecting or communicating a form (...) Information is the transfer of form from one medium to another (...) We can tentatively define information as the communication of relationships" (25) "In-formation -the infusion of form- the flow of relationships - the communication of messages" (26)
+ Counting Bits: Classic Information
Claude Shanon Information: yes-or-no (0-1). Shannon did not considered the semantic dimension of information. Engineering problems of transmission
Weaver: identified levels of complexity in information and its communication
Shannon reduced information to its most basic unit, and measures it adding up BITS
The question will be: ¿2 bits carry more information than one bit?
+ Qubit: Information cannot be explained only through addition
Quantum Theory: Blending contradictory attributes is the normal state of affairs of atomic systems; Hence, measurement is a creative act!
Zeilinger: the bit -act of creation- is the nugget that we can get from the qubit -information magnicorpus, substrate-.
Quantum Gadget: Bring to the public eye the previously unseen.
Reliability: probability that a message is correct [concesiones de certeza]
Semantic information order
+ "What is information? The Flow of Bits and the Control of Chaos"
Information society: Economic Philosophy, Business Logic, and Democratization? [Techno Utopias vs. Distopias]
Sociedad de la Información: de la falacia lingüística a la tautología; Ideological debates & Popular Culture.
Use of term "information" has come to absurdity
Most groundroots (classical view, von Baeyer) forget meaning
Information & Knowledge diverge (Multiplicity, Spatial, & Temporal)
CONJUNCTION OF SCIENCES:
a) Cybernetics: N. Wiener, self-correcting & self-regulating systems [Guerra], [Wiener, A. Rosenblueth & W. Pitts; Theleology & Circular Casuality: FEEDBACK, governed by entropy] [Cybernetics Society: von Neumann, Mculloch, Bateson, Mead, etc...]
Information: concrete bundles, discrete physically, decontextualized and fluidly moving (8)
b) Systems Theory: "oil flow model" of information: undifferented fluid through communication circuits; Values cannot be "information regulators" within a system; Mening is a matter of form, not amount ---- Message & preexisting form of the reciever
c) Computer Sciences: Cognitive Science & AI; Descartes: Information processing device: Rationalism [Edelman, Second Nature: discard Cartesian dualism]; Ideas as objects & Intelligence as their Manipulator [Gitelman, Record and Document; Types & Tokens]: Communications Metaphor.
d) Information Theory: Transmission & Engineering problems; "Information has to become a singular element with unique character"
Information Economics: Economists reduce information from its semantic content; 2 functions: resource, INPUT (control of market & reduction of uncertainty, mostly in prices; OUTPUT, materialized & sold as a commodity (KEY ELEMENT of the so called Information Society); Producer Consumer in relation to information consumption [Tapscott's Prosumer & IT]; Disorganizing Information: Can we solve the destruction of meaning?
"Information sciences operates within a binary logic of reflection which results in a multiple paths, but these paths are always circumscribed by laws of combination" (Delleuze & Guattari) ---- Fragmented time & space of information flows.
Information: disorganizes, interrupts, remain & disperse; Is an heterogeneous remapping of space and time
(Tema 1.4, ver programa) + Tecnología como Búsqueda de Trascendencia-Divinidad + Guerra y Tecnología: del control a la destrucción
Norbert Wiener & Cybernetics
Reinvención del objeto producto de la innovación
Afluencia de distintas industrias (exploración paramilitar, informática, medios de comunicación) --- ejemplo: imagen satelital.
"Estarían de acuerdo con mi dentista, que me dice que puede empastarme las muelas con una pasta no tóxica gracias a la investigación espacial" (Jody Berland, 1996: 52)
+ Information Soldier
"Complete situational awareness, full dimensional protection, precise targeting... Perfect Information".
Papel de las Corporaciones en el desarrollo tecno-bélico: Desde RAND Corp. hasta Lockheed Martin
El soldado como espectador de la guerra: Refiguración del espacio a partir de Anotaciones; AAO, recruit soldiers; Gonzalo Frasca.
"We are going to fight in space" Gral. Joseph Ashy, US Air Force; Rumsfeld...
La guerra siempre será una narrativa (dependiendo de dónde se lea): MY JAPAN
"No hay guerra, entonces, sin representación; no hay armamento sofisticado sin mistificación psicológica" (Paul Virilio) "La información es un misil teledirigido que nunca encuentra su objetivo..." (J. Baudrillard)
+ Dimensiones Bélicas
Política
Escatológica --- Perspectiva mítica
Cataclísmica [Perspectiva Mítica]
Narrativas mediáticas sobre la guerra: WARBLOGS: soldado c/ entorno; periodistas con soldados, periodistas con el medio; espectador con la información ----- Heroes de Combate (Jessica Lynch); Guerra como asalto domiciliario
+ Bomba Información
Relación entre guerra y lenguaje
Norbert Wiener
Guerra vs. Terror ----- [Guerra Fría, Dr. Strangelove ---- Wiener as a Communist; Máscaras y enemigos, Sun Tzu]
Drama + Rapidez = Miedo + Incertidumbre (confusión)
Lo virtual como propio de lo discursivo [Mercadotecnia y Militarismo]
La guerra no es guerra en tanto la información sobre la misma no es información (Baudrillard, La guerra del Golfo no ha tenido lugar)
"Brecht de nuevo: Cuando en el lugar no deseado hay algo, tenemos el desorden. Cuando en el lugar deseado no hay nada, tenemos el orden" (Baudrillard, 1991: 96)
+ El papel de las corporaciones privadas en la carrera tecnológica contemporánea (Apple vs. Microsoft; Farmacéuticas); refiguración de artefactos a partir del uso
"We Document the World" (Xerox) "Representations are only a technological necessity" (Gitelman, 119)
+ New Media Bodies
Card Stock Example (US Court, O'Brien, 1st Ammendment): The point of the Selective Service card: meaning and materiality are mutual and not distinct.
"Their primary instrumentality had to do with their mysterious (that is, illegible) patterns of holes" (92) ---- Users needed to know the code.
FUENTE: Gitelman, 2006.
Relations of Power [Lewis Mumford, The Myth of the Machine: The Pentagon of Power ---- a metaphoric megasystem]
"New media can be potent, embodied versions of unsettlement" (93) ---- logics of representation ---- when and how is it ordered?
Inscriptive vs. Uninscriptive
[Lev Manovich: digital media are characterized by numeric coding and modular representation]
+ Keyword: Document
Digital: Information as an increasing quantity
Analog: Information as a constatnly shifting and repatterned feature
Vannevar Bush: Organize documents by "associative indexing", through "an intricate web of trails", hipertexto; MEMEX desk operated at a distance. Shared ownership of a public record.
Licklider: Libraries of the Future: Procognitive Systems, where "information can be separated from its natal body without significant loss" (100). Definition of the Information "Corpus". Document similar to Record. Licklider Documents: Type and Token. "Documents have something of a synecdochic function: documents are not unique artifacts (his tokens); they are representative ones" (103)
Texts are "ordered hierarchies of content objects on which markup strategies are premised"
Recursive Public: "A form of social imaginary through which a group imagines in commons the means of its own association" (108)
ARPA-RFC-Request for Comment; Steve Crocker, write without "authorative" constraints, "informal" dissemination [Comunidad: Formaciones digitales, Sassen y Latham]
Interlocking layers from which standards and protocols are born or emerge
Echoing: "situation where the console, a peripheral processor or some very low software,m echoes the character (or line that is) entered" (111). That is, different nodes functioned differently [Albert Lazslo Barabasi; Ian Bogost]
Licklider: Intermedium - Interface: Plane of separation between man and machine [Ian Bogost Simulation Gap].
Scenarios are self-consciously marked up: typographic cues that distinguish different content (Example: 116). "Reading it (mark-up) would involve parsing its typographic reproduction from the typographic context of its reproduction" (116)
Identifiable as documents because of their importance - meaning - to the network of users.
"The qualities of books as physical bodies formed a subject of public debate" (118)
+ New Media
The Internet of 1854: symptomatic incoherence
Distilled Images: "intensely labored point of contact between the present and the past, a collision and an overlap of different times and formats" (124)
What is the Web's temporality? ---- Publication, public & the Public Memory ---- Transfiguration of the symbolic.
Lev Manovich: "page as a basic unit of data organization".
Page & Document: "One is an issue of format, and the other is an issue of concern" (128)
History: putting narratives about events together, based on interpretation of the indexical survival (fragmentary) of the record and of the past.
+ Errors: A common place for Internauts
Error: File not Found ---- Change itself is a paradoxically consistent feature of the WWW ---- Users to Users [Sassen y Latham, figuration of mediating cultures]
Error: Incorrect Formatting ---- The simple mechanics of standing remain in question ---- Public discourse indexes itself temporally ---- circulation organized as a continuous non punctual
"Connection between publication and events-made-public is not transparent but is crucial to the experience of media in time and therefore in history" (138)
The Web represents time and simultaneously produces temporalities for its users; it records and performs. TV Liveness (exógeno) vs. Web Real Time (endógeno), ambas son construcciones intricadas.
Error: Private and Public. Called into public by "the act of linking". Interpolate present into a speculative future; Private & Public coexist and merge at times; Singularity, plenitude, and instantaneity of its interpretative space. "Emulation works as a preservation strategy in part because it helps self-consciously to underscore the differences between pages and documents -that is, between issues of format and matters of concern" (147)
Record & Document only make sense in the word "forever"....[Asimov] or is it Posterity?
Media & Orders
"Production is indeed historiography's quasi-universal principal of explanation, since historical research grasps every document as a symptom of whatever produced it" (Michel de Certeau)
Two tropes for understanding media: Inscription & Personification (Lastra, 2000)
"When media emerge, they help construct publics and the public life, and has strong implication for the operation of the public memory, its mode and substance" (26)
Connection between print and fact: Enlightment Logic [Focault, autoría]
"New media emerge as local anomalies that are also deeply embedded within the ongoing discursive formations of their day, within the what, who, how, and why of public memory, public knowledge, and public life" (29) "There was something weird and uncanny about the little machine" The Washington Star, 1879. [Moori & The Uncanny Valley]
[The myths of innovation]
Phonographs exhibitions (Participation with technology & engagement of the audience).
"They mimicked the machine that knew would mimic them mimicking" (35).
Papel de la prensa ante la novedad, en este caso, la curiosidad de los efectos materializados de la voz, que era ilegible, pero aún así de algún modo textual, público e inscrito.
Parodias ante la innovación
Public: los públicos del fonógrafo, sobre todo en sus primeras demostraciones, compartían un sentido de autoría sobre el producto registrado
Reportable Events: Invention of Narratives through indexicality: en el caso de las exposiciones, teniamos los souvenirs sobre la posibilidad de construir souvenirs.
"Phonographs had so readily become metaphoric authors, readers, and speakers, but people correspondingly became metaphoric machines" (44)
Nickel-in-the-slot phonographs: configuración de públicos simultáneos pero fragmentados (img. pg 45). La repetición condicionó la maquinaria
New contexts emerged within the public and the mystified private (division of costumers into anonymous crowd ---- intragroup disable by the individual act of listening.
How do listeners of a "Record" perceive the music. Deviation from original purposes....
"Publics are comprised of users, but not all users are entitled or constitutive members of the public sphere" (59)
Users define media in crutial ways: "Metapragmatics of belonging"; Production consumption dichotomy [Tapscott, Wikinomics]; mediation defined by normative constructions of the users (85)
"Repetition represents a form of intensity" (64); records, among other things, survive on a logic of repetition. Concerts...how do they embody repetition? or are they defined by uniqueness? The embodiment of phonographic innovation: Columbia, RCA Victor, etc...
"The translation from public to private remained shot through by power relations" (81) ---- Power of the interplay between mimesis and mechanical reproduction.
Coevolución de los medios y las audiencias (públicos), donde fuerzas internas como la diferencia entre usuarios, y fuerzas externas como la figuración, transimisión y adopción de discrursos, juegan un papel crucial.
[Revolución Científica: Telescopio ---- relación directa con percepción; Instituciones, ciencia y difusión del conocimiento; Cambio de Paradigmas]
El proceso de (re)interpretación implica el sacrificio de otras formas de entendimiento.
Keep up with information flows? [ Neil Stephenson, Snow Crash ---- Infoxication ---- METAVERSE]
Can we tune out of the world?
Where are Leisure, privacy, and personal space? [Deleting Online Predators Act; "Electronic Traces" - Barabási, Lessig, etc...]
"Single task as industrial logic" (188) [Samuel Butler, Erewhon]
"During the last quarter century machines have been carried to the furthest village in the country. Telephones, the telegraph, mechanical devices...yet what man thinks tenderly of his cream separator?" The Nation, 1927 (188-189) /// "Henry Ford...alone won the hearts of his costumers" (189)
"As people weave particular machines into the texture of everyday life, they cease to be the center of conscious attention" (189)
Artificial como naturalizado ---- "Technology is man´s reaction" Ortega y Gasset ---- Control de recursos.
+ Technical Objects & Procedures
["Technological Objects are always mundane", TL Taylor, Play Between Worlds]
Music Records (190-191): Analogic amplification & Digital transformation (beyond mere reproduction ---- sound enhancement) [Lisa Gitelman, Always Already New: Media, History and the Data of Culture]
"The Machine Stops" E.M. Forster [¿...sin información de un día para otro...?]
"The Electronic Hermits" [Peer-to-Peer networking; Developer´s communities]
"Puting creation to a use" Max Frisch; Heidegger ---- la tecnología transforma el carácter. Albert Borgman: sharp dichotomy between the surface and the increasing unfamiliar machinery beneath it ---- black boxes [Magia] [Ian Bogost, Simulation Gap]. "The Internet has challenged the holistic view of the self" (Allucquére Rosanne Stone)/// [Sherry Turkle ---- The persons are not fragmented from each other, or are they?]
Inteligencia Artificial [Turing Test]; Adroids and Cyborgs [Donna Haraway, A Cyborg Manifesto ---- género; William Gibson, Neuromancer --- cyberspace]
"Neurological replication of personal experience" [Mundos digitales] "One need not to be a be a trained philosopher to grasp the difference between building a wood fire and relying on automatic heating" (207).
"Las cosas son más como son ahora mismo que como lo fueron en cualquier otro momento" (Dwight Eisenhower)
"Puesto que la entropia total puede incrementarse, pero nunca disminuir, el tiempo tiene una direccionalidad" (Ray Kurzweil)
+ La inevitabilidad de la computación
"La habilidad para recordar y para resolver problemas -el cálculo- es la punta de lanza en la evolución de los organismos multicelulares" (36) ---- Computación ---- [Biología y Tecnología]
Método de Refinamiento - Sofisticación- Incremental ---- Aceleración en Espiral [Hegel]---- Gordon Moore and Beyond Moore´s Law
"El intervalo de tiempo entre acontecimientos destacados se expande o contrae según el grado de caos"
Ley del Caos Creciente o Incremento de la Entropía: "A medida que el caos se incrementa exponencialmente, el tiempo se alenta exponencialmente" ---- Universo [Lupov y Adell -"Can Entropy be Reversed?"- Asimov, The Last Question]
Ley de la Aceleración de los Resultados: "A medida que el orden crece exponencialment, el tiempo se acelera exponencialmente" ---- Aplicación a procesos evolutivos: Organismos multicelulares/Tecnología
- [Thomas Kuhn, La Estructura de las Revoluciones Científicas]
+ Orden...
Información que se acomoda a una finalidad ---- "Ni el ruido ni la información son predecibles" (51) ---- [Cibernética, Norbert Wiener; Teoría de la Información, Shannon y Weaver; Vannevar Bush]
¿Qué implica el Desdesorden? ---- ["The Cosmic AC", Asimov]
La innovación no es aditiva, sino multiplicativa ---- Las habilidades se construyen sobre sí mismas ---- "La tecnología crea más tecnología"
+ The Last Question, Isaac Asimov
"Miles and miles of face of that giant computer" ---- ["The Doomsday Machine", Dr. Strangelove; The Universal Turing Machine, Alan Turing ---- The Turing Test ---- Childhood into AI ---- Nico Robot]
[Serial Experiments Lain y la máquina sin rostro...Internet ---- Cosmic AC ---- Man Fused with the AC ---- "Each phisical body loosing its mental identity"]
Limits of knowledge production: "Not forever"- said Lupov.
"Each Universal AC designed and constructed by its successor"
"No problem is insoluble in all coneivable circumstances"
"Nothing was left to be collected" ... so in a "timeless interval" the Cosmic AC created light by ordering data.
Leyes de la Termodinámica (2a: transformaciones energéticas, aumento de la entropía) [Norbert Wiener] ---- La Evolución es un proceso, no un sistema cerrado.
Vida: "modelos de materia y energía que podían perpetuarse y sobrevivir y se perpetuaron y sobrevivieron" (29). El orden en las formas de vida es insignificante para la entropía.
Un Registro Escrito de Logroses la clave para todo proceso evolutivo (existe una aceleración de acontecimientos destacados) ---- ¿Cuál es el papel de los medios de comunicación en este proceso de registro?
Tres Leyes de Arthur C. Clarke (Afirmaciones científicas sobre la Posibilidad/Imposibilidad; aventurarse en lo imposible; "Cualquier tecnología suficientemente avanzada es indistinguible de la magia" ---- [J. George Frazer, La Rama Dorada, Magia y Religión ---- Turner; S. Johnson].
Generación a partir de la Acumulación [Accumulating Small Change ---- Diálogo ---- Mikhail M. Bakhtin, "the atmosphere of the already spoken"; Brownian Movement]
La tecnología es ... ¿inevitable?
"Lo original del hombre es la aplicación del conocimiento -conocimiento registrado- a la confección de herramientas" (33)
+ La tecnología trasciende las partes de los aparatos.
["El objeto está cargado de valores positivos o negativos, insertado en instituciones o redes sociales, investido en funciones jurídicas o domésticas" (Debray, 1997: 72); Latour; ...]
+ Arte como manifestación clave de la tecnología. Primeros intentos de la tecnología están ligados a la comunicación.
+ The Magic Circle
